Either conscious life will evolve in the direction of more highly conscious self definition or which is the same, towards greater autonomy than has characterized it in the past or else conscious life will disappear from the face of the earth.
— Leslie Dewart, Evolution and Consciousness
Leslie Dewart proposed that consciousness is not an innate biological endowment but a historically emergent achievement, generated through the acquisition of speech, a learned activity transmitted socially and culturally across generations. His theory begins by distinguishing experience itself, which humans share with other animals, from conscious experience, in which the experiencer becomes present to their own act of experiencing. He argues that this self-presence arises through speech and subsequently develops through thought and culture. Because consciousness is acquired rather than simply inherited, it can also develop defectively. Dewart's philosophy thus offers b